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Burns can occur at temperatures as low as 120 degrees F. Typical wood fires burn around 300-400 degrees F. The biggest problem with small burns is not the damage but the pain. Second degree burns occur after 3 seconds at 140 degrees F. Third degree burns occur after 5 seconds at this temperature. A good rule of thumb is each 50 degree C causes 1 HP of damage per minute divided by the percent of the body covered (You won’t die by emmersing your hand in boiling water …). Each 100 Degrees Celcius over 50 Degrees causes 1 point of pain. For each missed success the character adds one penalty die to all rolls. Some sample temperatures are listed below:
Burns can occur at temperatures as low as 120 degrees F. Typical wood fires burn around 300-400 degrees F. The biggest problem with small burns is not the damage but the pain. Second degree burns occur after 3 seconds at 140 degrees F. Third degree burns occur after 5 seconds at this temperature. A good rule of thumb is each 50 degree C causes 1 HP of damage per minute divided by the percent of the body covered (You won’t die by emmersing your hand in boiling water …). Each 100 Degrees Celcius over 50 Degrees causes 1 point of pain. For each missed success the character adds one penalty die to all rolls.  
{| class="wikitable"
==Sample Temperatures==
Some sample temperatures are listed below:
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:500px;"
|-
|-
! Celcius
! Celcius
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===Fire Temperatures===
===Fire Temperatures===


===1.1 SOURCES OF IGNITION – GENERAL TEMPERATURES===
===Sources of Ignition General Temperatures===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:500px;"
|-
|-
| '''Source'''
! Source
| '''Temperature
! Temperature (Celsius)
 
(Celsius)'''
|-
|-
| Cigarettes – ventilated
| Cigarettes – ventilated
Line 67: Line 67:
| 288°
| 288°
|-
|-
| Cigarettes – insulated
| Cigarettes – insulated and smoldering
 
and smoldering
| 510°-621°
| 510°-621°
|-
|-
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| 1570°
| 1570°
|}
|}
====1.2 COLOR TEMPERATURES OF HEAT====
====Color Temperatures of Heat====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:500px;"
! Color
! Temperature (Celsius)
|-
|-
| Dull red
| Dull red
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| 1400°-1600°
| 1400°-1600°
|}
|}
====1.3 TEMPERATURES DURING BUILDING FIRES====
====Temperatures during Fire Building====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:500px;"
! Description
! Temperature (Celsius)
|-
|-
| Hot gas layer
| Hot gas layer
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| >180°
| >180°
|-
|-
| Glowing smoldering
| Glowing smoldering combustion
 
| to 600°
combustion
| to
 
600°
|-
|-
| Flashover
| Flashover
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|-
|-
| Glowing coals
| Glowing coals
| to
| to 1300°
 
1300°
|}
|}
===2. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS OF MATERIALS===


===2.1 SOLIDS===
===Physical Constants of Materials===


====2.1.1 VARIOUS MATERIALS====
===Solids===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="2"|'''Reactions


to temperature exposure'''
====Various Materials====
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:500px;"
|+ Reactions to temperature exposure
|-
|-
| '''Reaction'''
! Reaction
| '''Temperature
! Temperature (Celsius)
 
(Celsius)'''
|-
|-
| Wood slowly chars*
| Wood slowly chars*
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| 150°
| 150°
|-
|-
| Ignition temp of
| Ignition temp of various woods
 
various woods
| 190°-260°
| 190°-260°
|-
|-
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| Coal ignites
| Coal ignites
| 400°-500°
| 400°-500°
|-
|}
| colspan="2"|* wood chars at a
 
Wood chars at a rate of approximately 30-50 mm/hour


rate of approximately 30-50 mm/hour
====Plastics====
|}
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:500px;"
====2.1.2 PLASTICS====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| colspan="3"|'''Melting
|+ Melting points and ignition temperatures
 
points and ignition temperatures'''
|-
|-
| '''Plastic'''
! Plastic
| '''Melting
! Melting Point Range
 
! Ignition Temperature
Point
 
Range'''
| '''Ignition
 
Temperature'''
|-
|-
| ABS
| ABS
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| 260°-316°
| 260°-316°
|}
|}
====2.1.3 METALS====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="3"|'''Melting


points and flame colours'''
====Metals====
(o) & (r) denote oxidizing and reducing conditions respectively
 
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:500px;"
|+ Melting points and flame colours
|-
|-
| colspan="3"|(o) & (r) denote oxidizing and reducing conditions respectively
|-
|-
| '''Metal'''
! Metal
| '''Melting
! Melting Point
 
!Flame Colour
Point'''
| '''Flame
 
Colour'''
|-
|-
| Aluminium
| Aluminium
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| Copper
| Copper
| 1080°
| 1080°
| Green
| Green(o) Red (r)
 
(o) Red (r)
|-
|-
| Lead
| Lead
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| Brass
| Brass
| 900°-1000°
| 900°-1000°
| Green
| Green(o) Red (r)
 
(o) Red (r)
|-
|-
| Silver
| Silver
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| Bronze
| Bronze
| 1000°
| 1000°
| Green
| Green(o) Red (r)
 
(o) Red (r)
|-
|-
| Gold
| Gold
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| Manganese
| Manganese
| 1260°
| 1260°
| Violet
| Violet(o)
 
(o)
|-
|-
| Nickel
| Nickel
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|}
|}


===2.2 LIQUIDS===
===2.2 Liquids===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="5"|'''Boiling
 
points, flash points, ignition temperature and heat of combustion


'''
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:500px;"
|+ Boiling points, flash points, ignition temperature and heat of combustion
|-
|-
| '''Liquid'''
! Liquid
| '''Boiling
! Boiling Point
 
! Flash Point
Point'''
! Ignition Temperature
| '''Flash
! Heat of Combustion (kilocalories per gram)
 
Point'''
| '''Ignition
 
Temperature'''
| '''Heat
 
of Combustion
 
'''(kilocalories per gram)''''''
|-
|-
| Kerosene
| Kerosene
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|  
|  
|  
|  
|-
| colspan="5"|* fire point is approximately
10°-50° above flash point
|-
| colspan="5"|* cooking oil spontaneously
combusts at 310°-360°
|-
| colspan="5"|* temperature of flame
from burning petrol is 471°-560°
|}
|}


===2.3 GASES===
* fire point is approximately 10°-50° above flash point
* cooking oil spontaneously combusts at 310°-360°
* temperature of flame from burning petrol is 471°-560°


{| class="wikitable"
===2.3 Gasses===
|-
| colspan="4"|'''Upper


& lower flammable limits & ignition temperature'''
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:500px;"
|+ Upper & lower flammable limits & ignition temperature
|-
|-
| '''Gas'''
! Gas
| '''UFL
! UFL%
 
! LFL%
%'''
! Ignition Temperature
| '''LFL
 
%'''
| '''Ignition
 
Temperature'''
|-
|-
| Propane
| Propane
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|}
|}


===3. Temperature Indicators===


===3. TEMPERATURE INDICATORS===
===Steel===


===3.1 STEEL===
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:500px;"
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| '''Appearance'''
! Appearance
| '''Temperature'''
! Temperature
|-
|-
| Yellow
| Yellow
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| Blue
| Blue
| 450°
| 450°
|-
|}
| colspan="2"|* steel starts to
 
weaken at 200°
|-
| colspan="2"|* loses 50% of its


structural strength and sags at 550°
* steel starts to weaken at 200°
|-
* loses 50% of its structural strength and sags at 550°
| colspan="2"|* melt point of steel
* melt point of steel 1100°-1650°


1100°-1650°
====Concreate and Cement====
|}
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:500px;"
====3.2 CONCRETE AND CEMENT====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
| '''Appearance'''
! Appearance
| '''Temperature'''
! Temperature
|-
|-
| Reddish pink – reddish
| Reddish pink – reddish brown
 
brown
| 300°
| 300°
|-
|-
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| Sinters and yellowish
| Sinters and yellowish
| >1200°
| >1200°
|-
|}
| colspan="2"|* sand and sandstone
 
becomes friable at 573°
|-
<td colspan="2" height="16">* wall masonry collapses


at 760°
* sand and sandstone becomes friable at 573°
|}
* wall masonry collapses at 760°


===3.3 GLASS===
===Glass===


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:500px;"
|-
|-
| '''Effect'''
! Effect
| '''Soda'''
! Soda
| '''Borosilicate'''
! Borosilicate
|-
|-
| Very slight distortion
| Very slight distortion
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cracks at 90°-120°
cracks at 90°-120°
|}
|}
====3.4 MINERAL WOOL INSULATION====
====Mineral Wood Insulation====
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:500px;"
|-
|-
| '''Effect'''
! Effect
|
! Temperature
 
<div>'''Temperature'''
 
|-
|-
| Resin chars &amp;
| Resin chars &amp;

Latest revision as of 16:08, 28 December 2020

Burns can occur at temperatures as low as 120 degrees F. Typical wood fires burn around 300-400 degrees F. The biggest problem with small burns is not the damage but the pain. Second degree burns occur after 3 seconds at 140 degrees F. Third degree burns occur after 5 seconds at this temperature. A good rule of thumb is each 50 degree C causes 1 HP of damage per minute divided by the percent of the body covered (You won’t die by emmersing your hand in boiling water …). Each 100 Degrees Celcius over 50 Degrees causes 1 point of pain. For each missed success the character adds one penalty die to all rolls.

Sample Temperatures

Some sample temperatures are listed below:

Celcius Fahrenheit Description
50 122 Low heat for cooking
100 212 Water boils
150 302 Wood burns; Maximum survivable breathing air temp for short period without the presence of moisture.
250 482 Kerosene Ignites
300 572 Oil Ignites
500 932 Bronze Melts
950 1742 Silver melts
1000 1832 Copper, Glass, and Gold Melt
1300 2372 Steel
1550 2822 Iron Melts
1750 3182 Platinum Melts

Fire Temperatures

Sources of Ignition General Temperatures

Source Temperature (Celsius)
Cigarettes – ventilated 400°-780°
Cigarettes – unventilated conditions 288°
Cigarettes – insulated and smoldering 510°-621°
Match 600°-800°
Candle flame 600°-1400°
Stove element >550°
Fluorescent light 60°-80°
Incandescent light 100°-300°
Tungsten halogen light 600°-900°
Electrical arcing to 3750°
Electrical spark 1316°
Lightning 30000°
Oxyacetylene 3300°
Industrial furnaces 1700°
Bunsen burner 1570°

Color Temperatures of Heat

Color Temperature (Celsius)
Dull red 500°-600°
Dark red 600°-800°
Bright red 800°-1000°
Yellow red 1000°-1200°
Bright yellow 1200°-1400°
White 1400°-1600°

Temperatures during Fire Building

Description Temperature (Celsius)
Hot gas layer 600°-1000°
Floor temperature >180°
Glowing smoldering combustion to 600°
Flashover >600°
Glowing coals to 1300°

Physical Constants of Materials

Solids

Various Materials

Reactions to temperature exposure
Reaction Temperature (Celsius)
Wood slowly chars* 120°-150°
Decayed wood ignites 150°
Ignition temp of various woods 190°-260°
Paper yellows 150°
Paper ignites 218°-246°
Oil soaked lagging

ignites

190°-220°
Leather ignites 212°
Hay ignites 172°
Coal ignites 400°-500°

Wood chars at a rate of approximately 30-50 mm/hour

Plastics

Melting points and ignition temperatures
Plastic Melting Point Range Ignition Temperature
ABS 88°-125° 416°
Acrylics 91°-125° 560°
Cellulosics 49°-121° 475°-540°
Nylons 160°-275° 424°-532°
Polycarbonate 140°-150° 580°
Polyesters 220°-268° 432°-488°
Polyethylene ld 107°-124° 349°
Polyethylene hd 122°-137° 349°
Polypropylene 158°-168° 570°
Polystyrene 100°-120° 488°-496°
Polyurethanes 85°-121° 416°
PTFE 327° 530°
P.vinylideneclor 212° 454°
PVC 75°-110° 435°-557°
Wool 228°-230°
Cotton 250°
Rubber 260°-316°

Metals

(o) & (r) denote oxidizing and reducing conditions respectively

Melting points and flame colours
Metal Melting Point Flame Colour
Aluminium 660° Colorless
Copper 1080° Green(o) Red (r)
Lead 327° Colorless
Tin 232° Colorless
Bismuth 271° Colorless
Zinc 419° Colorless
Aluminium alloy 600° Colorless
Antimony 630° Colorless
Magnesium 651° Colorless
Brass 900°-1000° Green(o) Red (r)
Silver 961° Colorless
Bronze 1000° Green(o) Red (r)
Gold 1063°
Cast iron 1200°-1350° Yellow-brown
Manganese 1260° Violet(o)
Nickel 1450° Brown-Red
Cobalt 1490° Blue
Steel 1100°-1600° Brown-Red
Platinum 1770°
Titanium 1670°
Chromium 1900° Green
Tungsten 3410°
Solder 60/40 183°
Electric fuses 371°
Carbon 3730°
Pure iron 1535°

2.2 Liquids

Boiling points, flash points, ignition temperature and heat of combustion
Liquid Boiling Point Flash Point Ignition Temperature Heat of Combustion (kilocalories per gram)
Kerosene 175°-260° 38°-74° 229° 11
Gasoline 40°-190° -43° 257° 11.5
Stove oil 190°-290°
Diesel 190°-340° 69° 399°
Fuel 200°-350°
Brake fluid 190°
Engine oil 150°-230° 260°-371°
Acetone 57° -20° 465°
Benzene 80° -11° 560° 10
Octane 126° 13° 220° 11.4
Pet ether -18° 288°
Gum turpentine 37°
Spirit turpentine 135°-175° 35° 253°
Alcohol 78° 13° 365° 7.1
Ethylene glycol 111° 413°
Styrene 31°-37° 490°
White spirits 150°-200° 35° 232°
Asphalt 38°-121° 538°
Paint thinners 39° 245°
Paraffin wax 199°
  • fire point is approximately 10°-50° above flash point
  • cooking oil spontaneously combusts at 310°-360°
  • temperature of flame from burning petrol is 471°-560°

2.3 Gasses

Upper & lower flammable limits & ignition temperature
Gas UFL% LFL% Ignition Temperature
Propane 9.6 2.15 466°
Butane 8.5 1.9 405°
Natural gas 15 4.7 482°-632°
Hydrogen 75 4 400°
Acetylene 3 65 335°

3. Temperature Indicators

Steel

Appearance Temperature
Yellow 320°
Brown 350°
Purple 400°
Blue 450°
  • steel starts to weaken at 200°
  • loses 50% of its structural strength and sags at 550°
  • melt point of steel 1100°-1650°

Concreate and Cement

Appearance Temperature
Reddish pink – reddish brown 300°
Gray 300°-1000°
Buff >1000°
Sinters and yellowish >1200°
  • sand and sandstone becomes friable at 573°
  • wall masonry collapses at 760°

Glass

Effect Soda Borosilicate
Very slight distortion 700° 750°
Slight distortion 750° 800°
Considerable distortion 800° 850°
Medium fluid flow 850° 900°
Liquid flow 900° 950°
* glass thermally

cracks at 90°-120°

Mineral Wood Insulation

Effect Temperature
Resin chars &

slowly blackens

288°
Resin chars quickly 400°
Fibers becomes light

gray

482°
Fibers fuse 593°
Fibers melt 649°
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